The backplane provides a physical and electrical connection between different modules in a computer system. Each module communicates with other modules by way of the backplane bus. The wires or traces on the bus and the traces on the modules are more than just a common connection point for electrical signals; they are electrical elements. Proper treatment of the electrical elements of the backplane (such as capacitance, inductance, impedance, delay constants, termination, connectors, driver, and receiver characteristics) is essential if the design of the backplane is to be successful. This standard covers the proper treatment of the electrical elements of the backplane. It contains measurement techniques for impedance, capacitance, and crosstalk; a discussion of crosstalk, ground bounce, and decoupling; and a study of the relationships between the key elements that control backplane performance. Some of these key elements are driver and receiver characteristics, the distance of the driver and the receiver from the backplane, the impedance of the bus traces treated as transmission lines, lumped elements such as connectors and vias, and the termination. Each element contributes to the performance of the backplane.